Friday, December 27, 2019
Benjamin Franklin And Colonial_America - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 653 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Benjamin Franklin Essay Did you like this example? Few people in the history of the United States of America can be said to be as impactful as the founding fathers. The most impactful of those said founding fathers must be Benjamin Franklin. A politician, scientist, and revolutionary, Benjamin Franklin had done a great deal of things for the betterment of America and the betterment of the world. Born in Boston as the 10th son of the soap maker Josiah Franklin to his second wife Abiah Folger Benrs life was almost set in stone before he was of 10 years old. his father had intended for Benjamin to become a clergymen, However the funds were not in that favor. Unable to get the necessary years of schooling for the clergy Benjamin was instead sent as an apprentice to his older brother a printer by the name of James Franklin when Benjamin was 12 years old. By the time Benjamin was 15 his older brother chose to open a newspaper shop with the equipment from the printing business. The opening of his brothers newspaper was Benjamins first interaction with the public and the start of his career as a public figure. First writing articles under an alias as Silence Dogood. 14 letters later and Ben revealed to he had been the writer, to the praise of friends and the public but to the dismay of his brother who was jealous of the attention was now receiving. This would be the start of a ri ft between the two brothers and would climax so years later. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benjamin Franklin And Colonial_America" essay for you Create order But for now the brothers were at odds with the puritan preachers, the Mathers, on the matter of immunization and general treatment for smallpox within Boston. The two brothers took the side of the public, feeling that inoculation wasnt the way to deal with the smallpox threat. However, that public support dried up fast for the Franklins after James had begun to criticize the church during the debates and in the articles. Culminating in James spreading time in jail for his views. This would be Benjaminrs first chance at real control, and as could be expected from the then young man he had kept the business floating long enough for his brother to be able to serve his time. Instead of the expected praise Ben was met with ridicule and beatings of which reopened the rift between the brothers and Ben was pressured to run away from the treatment. Although running away was a discouraged practice at the time Ben still went through with it and ended in philadelphia, Ben was lucky to be accepte d into the city and was quick to work with his skills and talents. This would be the conclusion to Benjamins young life save for his having a child in 1728 and the following Deborah Read. Benjamin Franklin coming into his middle ages was a far different man from the subservient apprentice he had been. His second phase of life was his adventures and success into the world of entrepreneurship. Not content with just a printer shop Benjamin strived for the best and opened his own general store with his wife. Even two stores were not enough for Benjamin, so he took it upon himself to enlighten the general public and improved the quality of the average citizens life with both political essays published in his newspaper and his writing of Poor Richards Almanac. The almanac was one of Benrs first major achievements for the advancement of society. The almanac was a yearly published book that contained information for the tides and astronomy. From the book came a large portion of Benjamin Franklins famous quotes such as a penny saved is a penny earned. To accompany this public service was the start of Bens involvement in fire safety, which at the time was a major fear for the c itizens of philadelphia. Followed up by his lobbying for the eventual creation of a city fire department. This and other scientific achievements
Thursday, December 19, 2019
PG India Supply Chain Analysis - 11039 Words
Supply Chain Strategy, Performance and Risks: Tools and Techniques Introduction ââ¬Å"Our Purpose works to unify us in a common cause and growth strategy. It is powerful because it promotes a simple idea to improve the lives of the worldââ¬â¢s consumers every day. Pamp;G grows by touching and improving more consumersââ¬â¢ lives in more parts of the world...more completely.â⬠- Pamp;G ââ¬Å"At Pamp;G, we touch lives in small but meaningful ways. Billions of them. Every day.â⬠Procter amp; Gamble Co. is a multinational corporation that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. Globally it is one of the largest FMCG companies. Pamp;G entered Indian market four decades ago but still lags HUL and other major players whereas its entry in china has beenâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Indian consumersââ¬â¢ heterogeneity and geographical variance increases the cost of operation and makes product unaffordable to low income consumers in rural markets. Increasing population, demand by the middle class group and rising aspiration levels are the key drivers for growth in the FMCG sector. This presents an enormous opportunity for the FMCG companies to develop new products and innovative ways to bring the products to the consumers while maintaining low prices. Suppliers Manufacturers Major players in FMCG sectors are Hindustan unilever ltd., Procter amp; Gamble, Godrej consumer products, Dabur, Garnier. All these companies have a unique selling proposition targeting a specific segments. eg. Marico operates only in Hair care products, Dabur in ayurved based products. These players command a very high bargaining power because of their size and scale over their suppliers. Also the suppliers are scattered. Distributors Supermarket A number of domestic retailers like Big Bazar, subhiksha, vishal mega mart, reliance fresh, More, Spencer, opened up retail channels in the major urban centres in the last decade. Many foreign retailers like Wal-Mart, Carrefour are exploring options to enter the Indian retail market. Retailers Indian retail industry is characterized by mom and pop stores called kirana stores locally. They operate with 2-3 people in a 100-150 sq foot space in urban and semi-urban areas and kiosk in rural areas. TheseShow MoreRelatedCulture Mistakes by Pizza Hut1311 Words à |à 6 Pages2010. Donovanà , R. Michael (2005).à Effective Supply Chain Management (Movahedi et al., 2009, defining supply chain management, evolution of supply chain studies Lambert, 2008) mentioned by Cooper et. al., 1997 Enclyclopedia of e-commerce (2009), definition of supply chain management 2007 ââ¬â Springer; J Oleskow, M Fertsch, P Golinska, data mining as the efficient tool for the effective supply chain integration LIU.,F; study and explore the supply chain base on CRM, 10 Mar 2011à Tseng, D. S., CoxRead MoreL.L. Bean, Inc.: Item Forecasting and Inventory Management1742 Words à |à 7 Pagesretail outlets in 2008. It sold FMCG, grocery, pharmacy, mobile products, and fruits and vegetables (Famp;V). It was the largest supermarket and mobile retail chain in India with presence in 90 cities. Although organized retail was identified as a high-growth area by the middle of 2008, players had realized that organized retail in India was going to be tough business. Various players (Reliance, Bharti, Birla, and the Future Group) were experimenting with different formats and models. SubhikshaRead MoreKudler Fine Foods: Analysis of the Market Structures and Strategic Planning1079 Words à |à 4 PagesAbstract This paper presents an analysis of the market structures, strategic planning, market environment, and internal environment of Kudler Fine Food in order to suggest the best market structure which can be helpful for its long-term profitability and recommend strategies which can make it more competitive and successful among its industry rivals. Difference between Market Structures There are four types of market structures: Monopolistic Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, and Perfect CompetitionRead MoreWalmart Success in China?1198 Words à |à 5 PagesïÆ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë Ã¯Æ'Ë Transition from rural US to metro/urban in China Competitive analysis a core value of the company ï⠧ Shopping 1,500 items and price matching them through ââ¬Å"Special Buyâ⬠Analysis Major pressure from the Chinese regional governments to centralize in high growth regions ï⠧ About-face by Chinese govt. on Shanghai is of interest ï⠧ Has major implications on Wal-Martââ¬â¢s ability to provide infrastructure for stores Supply Chain Challenges Abound Tier 1 cities include Beijing ââ¬â Tianjin, Shanghai, GuangzhouRead MoreChanging Business Environments1652 Words à |à 7 Pagesin doing business whether big or small ranging from small grocery store to a big retail chain is the supply chain process. With the increase in exposure of the companies to the global environment, liberal trade policies, business partnerships and virtual proximity between any two locations of the world, supply chain management has become one of the buzz words in this global business envi ronment. Supply chain management is a collaborative effort of multiple channel members to design, implement andRead MoreProctor and Gamble Innovations1550 Words à |à 7 PagesGENERAL PROBLEM STATEMENT Can Proctor and Gamble survive and prosper by reinventing existing products in environment that requires new innovations? And will PG be able to meet their target of 50% of the market share in each segment? ANALYSIS General Environment Which of the general environment segments are most relevant to the consumer products industry? What are the main opportunities and threats affecting the company? Demographicsââ¬â Proctor and Gamble is one of the largest consumerRead MoreBig Bazar Price Control on Customer Demand1735 Words à |à 7 PagesExamine the strategy you will adopt in retail chain business (Big Bazaar). Answer: As a retail manager in Big Bazar we need to understand the organized retail and how we operate in India along with the SWOT analysis, Then I will look for the Price mix and factors related to this. What is Big Bazar and why it is like this :- Basically Big bazaar is designed as an agglomeration of Bazar or Indian Market with cluster offering wide range . The SWOT analysis of Big Bazar help me better making my strategyRead MoreBig Bazar Price Control on Customer Demand1727 Words à |à 7 PagesExamine the strategy you will adopt in retail chain business (Big Bazaar). Answer: As a retail manager in Big Bazar we need to understand the organized retail and how we operate in India along with the SWOT analysis, Then I will look for the Price mix and factors related to this. What is Big Bazar and why it is like this :- Basically Big bazaar is designed as an agglomeration of Bazar or Indian Market with cluster offering wide range . The SWOT analysis of Big Bazar help me better making my strategyRead MoreProcter and Gamble Research4620 Words à |à 19 PagesIB Dream Company PROJECT ââ¬â PG March 1, 2012 Group 21 1 IB Dream Company PROJECT ââ¬â PG March 1, 2012 Group 21 2 A Humble Beginning . . . roctor Gamble was born in 1837 by the collaboration or William Proctor, a candle maker and James Gamble, a soap maker. They started this partnership at the suggestion of their common father-in-law Alexander Norris. After 175 years, PG is one of the consumer goods company in the world. It features in the Fortune 500 list and recorded sales of $82.6 billionRead MoreProcter Gamble Case Study4269 Words à |à 18 Pagesare fundamental values that drive the day-to-day working methods and decision-making of Pamp;G, and are enforced by a code of ethics that ensures a high standard of quality and morals. Pamp;G enjoys the opportunities that are brought about by the eradication of trade barriers, improvements and developments in Internet and IT, as well as new, emerging and expanding markets and types of consumers. However, Pamp;G must accept challenges in regards to product stagnation, unsafe product ingredients,
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Basic Flower Arrangement free essay sample
Ifà you are used to working with fresh flowers, it will take some time to get used to all the possibilities and limitations when using silks. Though so similar in use, artificial flowers are an entirely different art form. The line, focal, filler technique is an excellent way to design artificial and dried flower arrangements. Horizontal Arrangements 1. Using a relatively shallow container, anchor foam with a lot of glue or use anchor pins, and position sprays of line flowers to establish the shape of the design. . Insert focal flowers in the middle so they gently droop over the lip of the container on both sides, reach towards the line material and extend on either side of the middle. Leave room for filler flowers. 3. Fill in and around focal area with filler flowers and foliage. Vertical Arrangements 1. Wedge or secure foam in a vase with hot glue. Cut the stems of the tallest flowers or leaves to reach three or four times the height of the vase. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Flower Arrangement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Place the focal flowers vertically within the diameter of the vase. . Fill in the areas as needed with filler flowers. Triangular Arrangements 1. Secure floral foam. Determine the vertical height and horizontal width with the smallest line flowers and/or leaves. Make the height higher than the width. 2. Position the largest focal flowers in the heart of the arrangement and slightly lower to give weight and balance. 3. Fill in with the filler flowers and foliage keeping within the triangular shape. Crescent Arrangements 1. Secure foam in container. Determine length of crescent and insert curved line flowers or leaves to follow the crescent form. Angle the shape to balance in the container. 2. Insert the focal flowers fairly low in the bowl to achieve balance, stability and depth. 3. Fill in around the focal flowers with smaller flowers and foliage. Place wisps of filler flowers that gracefully taper off the ends. Oval arrangements 1. Secure the floral foam. Determine the height with line flowers, then frame in the outer edges of the oval shape with light colored flowers and foliage. 2. Place the largest, strongest or brightest flowers in the focal area. 3. Fill in around the larger flowers and leaves with the filler flowers. Minimal Arrangements 1. Adhere foam to container. Insert vertical line flowers to determine the height, and secure the horizontal line flowers to give the basic outline of the arrangement. 2. Place the focal flowers. 3. Fill in with filler flowers as needed. The lazy S or Hogarths Curve 1. Anchor the foam securely. Bend the stems gently into graceful curves and insert them in place so they balance. . Add the focal flowers following the lines of the upper and lower curves. 3. Cluster filler blossoms and foliage around the central flowers maintaining the rhythm of the ââ¬ËSââ¬â¢. Free Standing Arrangements 1. Fill a shallow container with foam that extends one inch over the top. Secure the foam with hot glue, floral clay or floral tape. Define the shape of the design with the line flowers and leaves. 2. Place the focal flowers and leaves, t urning the vase as you go so all the sides are even. 3. Add filler flowers to integrate the design.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Role of teacher free essay sample
The role of teachers as nation builders The role of teachers in the building of a nation can not be ignored. It is they who Influence the immature minds of the youth and tries to mould the living stuff Into various forms. It is they on who depends the future of the nation. Hence, they are the most Important part of the society. In the past, teachers were considered respectable figures even by the kings and the emperors, because only teachers were there to gulde and advice them in hours of crisis. They were the true benefactors of the society. With the change of time they lost their dlgnlty to some extent. Still, they are onsidered the backbone of a nation, and a society. Teachers are the real gulde of the students. With their deep knowledge of the subject and teaching technique they can Impart valuable Information to the students. They can gulde them towards noble deeds, studies, health, and cleanliness and above all the moral values of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All these qualities enable a child to grow into an ideal citizen of his/her nation. Teachers are considered the noblest section of the society. This increases their responsibility towards nation and the students to a great extent; they must be dedicated to the service of the students. Their own actions and high ideas about life can easily shape the young minds into good personalities and responsible citizens of tomorrow. They are a guiding light for students throughout their lives. The importance of the role of the teachers as an agent of change, promoting understanding and tolerance has become more obvious today. This places enormous responsibilites on teachers who participate in the moulding of the character and minds of the new generation. Now days, the whole scenario has been changed. Teachers and parents are engaged in blaming each other. Parents are displeased with them because their sons and aughters do not do well in the examination. Teachers blame the parents that they do not pay much attention on their wards due to lack of time. Even we do not find any accord between the teachers and the students. The overall result is that the students have become aggressive, bold and daring- They are less concerned with their studies and think more about other activities. The teachers become helpless at this juncture. This leads to dissatisfaction and frustration among them. They do not get proper respect from the students. In addition to this, the teachers are not paid highly and regularly. This makes their situation miserable. It Is necessary to Improve the conditions of the teachers. Only then they will continue their Job with full vigour and zeal. Only then they will discharge their duty towards the students as well as the nation In true sense of the term. Only then their potentlalltles will shine In the new generation, the real hope of the nation. Role of teacher By kamalik67 influence the immature minds of the youth and tries to mould the living stuff into most important part of the society. In the past, teachers were considered respectable guide and advice them in hours of crisis. They were the true benefactors of the society. With the change of time they lost their dignity to some extent. Still, they are considered the backbone of a nation, and a society. Teachers are the real guide of can impart valuable information to the students. They can guide them towards noble deeds, studies, health, and cleanliness and above ail the moral values of life. All and think more about other activities. The teachers become helpless at this Juncture. regularly. This makes their situation miserable. It is necessary to improve the nation in true sense of the term. Only then their potentialities will shine in the new Role of Teacher free essay sample This article is about an essay on the important role of teachers in curing students indiscipline. Today there is a general complaint against what is called student indiscipline. Student indiscipline is largely a function in mathematical term. Unless teacher functions as a real Guru respected by the public and assured of a proper competence and a worthy status in the public eye the problem of indiscipline cannot be adequately dealt with. Respect is commanded and not demanded is an old saying. Hence true leadership is the approach and the same is not to be found in the eacher. He does not command respect and affection which he used to during the past. During the past political stir, the student was dragged into the field, but there was nobody to lead him in the right direction. His teacher was neglected. It is a painful truth that the teacher was allowed to suffer a social and economic set back. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence he could not but care more for his bread than to lead the students. The teacher has been crying for a reasonable payment and he has been promised in high philosophical vocabulary from high pupils. How can you expect from a frustrated eacher to discharge his Job in a satisfactory manner? The loss of personal contact between the teacher and the taught has also been one of the causes. Undue emphasis on examinations has turned the teacher into a mere agent for preparing the pupils for examinations. As such he has no say in educational set up. Private tuition is unavoidable for him. The economic deprivation keeps abler people away from the profession. Economic difficulties have been telling upon the performance of the student also. In the past, the student community used to come from the well to do class. They never had any economic hardship. There number was too small. But at present, numbers have shot up very high. Many students are required to earn their livelihood partially or wholly throughout their school and college career. They do not have balanced mind and hence there is indiscipline. The student suffers from bitterness and resentment of these economic difficulties. The standard of living too is too low. He often find miserable conditions around him and lives in unhealthy and congested surroundings. Over emphasis has so far been laid on the examinations. The pupil is Judged by the result of the final examination which is more often a test of memories than of understanding or Judgment. It encourages a tendency for a adopting unfair means as a short-cut to succeed. As the disease of indiscipline has become chronic, it will take considerable time for a complete cure. The proper physician is the Guru who can efficiently deal with the case. But he should be well equipped and free from all difficulties which have been coming in the way of his mission. The new teacher should be a very tactful guide of the student. He should be n affectionate elder and a sincere friend. The teacher should not be aggressive; it is always against the law of nature and results in revolt. It is quite sound opinion when some say that for improvement in education, there should be improvement in the teachers economic and social status. They say, increasing the professional competence of teachers will solve the problem. Others lay emphasis on idealism. This is very good. Let us foster it among the teaching community. It is a step to raise the social status of primary teachers by giving them Presidential Awards in
Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Pop Culture Essays (1122 words) - American People Of German Descent
Pop Culture In Risk and Blame, Anthropologist Mary Douglas describes the cultural basis for witch hunts in traditional societies. Whether the witch is able to do harm or not, the attribution of a hidden power to hurt is a weapon of attack against them....A successful accusation is one that has enough credibility for a public outcry to remove the opportunity of repeating the damage. A moral panic starts with an unspeakable tragedy which sparks an attempt to ascribe blame and responsibility. Initially, accusations flow freely but focus on those targets who are already the subject of anxiety. Once one accusation sticks, it becomes easier to pile on charges. Our rush to judgement overwhelms our ability to rationally assess the evidence. Our need to take action supersedes our ability to anticipate consequences. Moral panic shuts down self-examination at the very moment when real problems demand careful consideration. Several weeks after the shootings at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, the United States Senate Commerce Committee launched a series of hearings, chaired by Sen. Sam Brownback ,on the marketing of violent entertainment to children. Introducing the investigation, Brownback explained, We are not here to point fingers but to identify the causes of cultural pollution and seek solutions. The phrase, cultural pollution, of course, already presumed a consensus that popular culture was a worthless iritant which was to blame for various social harms. Brownback was prepared to sweep aside constitutional protections: We are having endless debates about First and Second Amendment rights while our children are being killed and traumatized. Brownback focused his ire on forms of popular culture that met youth rather than adult tastes: I am willing to bet that there aren't many adults who are huge fans of teen slasher movies or the music of Cannibal Corpse and Marilyn Manson. Sen. Orin H atch declared Manson's music tremendously offensive to everyone in America who thinks, a category that seemingly does not include a significant number of high school and college students. William Bennett, former Secretary of Education and self-proclaimed guardian of American virtue, called on Congress to make meaningful distinctions between works that used violence to tell a larger story such as Braveheart, Saving Private Ryan, or Clear and Present Danger, and works that gratuitously exploited violence, such as The Basketball Diaries, Cruel Intentions, or Scream. His commonsense distinction was at heart an ideological one, separating works that offered adult perspectives from those which expressed youth concerns. Though they understood the hearings as a ritual humiliation of the entertainment industries, the senators were feeding a cultural war which was more and more focused on teenagers. As a GOP operative Mike Murphy explained in that week's Time, we need Goth control, not gun control. Hatch engaged in homophobic banter about whether Manson was a he or a she while Brownback accused members of the Goth subculture of giving themselves over to the dark side. Such comments reinforced bigotry and fear. Adult fears about popular culture were being transfered towards those people who consumed it. The Goths were a relatively small subculture whose members drew inspiration from Romantic literature and constructed their personal identity by borrowing from the iconography of the horror film and S/M pornography. The group could claim a twenty year history without much public attention because they had previously not been associated with violent crime. However, the Columbine shooters had been mistaking ly identified in some early news reports as Goths and as a result, this group had been singled out in the post-Littleton backlash. From the outset, Congress was unlikely to set federal policies to regulate media content, which would not have sustained constitutional scrutiny. They counted on public pressure to intimidate the entertainment industry into voluntarily withdrawing controversial works from circulation. Manson canceled some concerts. MGM stopped selling The Basketball Diaries. The Warner Brothers Network withheld the airing of the season finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer until midsummer. The biggest impact of the moral panic, however, would be felt in the schools - both public and private - as teachers and administrators increasingly saw their students as threats to public safety and suspected popular culture of turning good kids into brutal monsters. Online journalist Jon Katz's remarkable series, Voices from the Hellmouth, circulated hundreds
Sunday, November 24, 2019
Name Meaning and Origin of Christensen
Name Meaning and Origin of Christensen Christensen literally means son of Christen, a common Danish variant of the given name Christian, which derives from theà Greek word xà à ¹ÃÆ'Ãâà ¹Ã ±Ã ½ÃÅ'Ãâà (christianos), meaning follower of Christ. In Norway and Sweden, the -son variations such as Christenson and Kristenson are more common. Christensen is the 6th most popular surname in Denmark. Surname Origin:à Danish, Norwegian, North German Alternate Surname Spellings:à KRISTENSEN, CRESTENSEN, KRESTENSEN, CHRISTENSEN, KHRISTENSEN, CHRISTENSON, KRISTENSON, CHRISTIANSEN, KRISTIANSEN Famous People With the Surname Carlos Hugo Christensen, Argentine screenwriter, film director, and producerHelena Christensen, Danish supermodelHayden Christensen, Canadian-American actor and producerTom Kristensen, Danish poet, novelist, and journalist Genealogy Resources for the Surname Search Strategies for Common Last NamesUse these strategies for locating ancestors with common names like Christensen to help you research your CHRISTENSEN ancestors online. FamilySearch - CHRISTENSEN GenealogyAccess free historical records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Christensen surname. Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
The Role of Religion in Contemporary Irish Society Essay
The Role of Religion in Contemporary Irish Society - Essay Example Contemporary sociologists have judged that ââ¬Å"any sociological study of Ireland must reflect the importance of religion in the shaping of our contemporary society, its continuing relevance in terms of everyday social life and the still central role of religious institutionsâ⬠(Tovey and Share, 2003, p. 384). This observation, however, runs counter to the belief that was a cultural shift in all Western societies which started in the period of the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, which introduced a whole new set of scientific tools. Max Weber, Ãâ°mile Durkheim and other early proponents of the new discipline of sociology described evidence of a shift away from religion and towards rationalisation. The term ââ¬Å"secularizationâ⬠is used to describe this change, and the ââ¬Å"secularization thesisâ⬠is a belief that religion will slowly fade in the face of new scientific, and by implication better, ways of seeing the world. This paper shows, however, that there is evidence in the recent history and sociology of Ireland to prove that the secularization thesis does not hold, since contemporary Ireland fully reflects modern cultural trends and yet it is by no means an increasingly secular country. Origins of the secularization thesis. In the Middle Ages, a Christia n world view dominated the whole of Europe, with close links being maintained between Church and State, and other religions such as Judaism and Islam being classed as outsiders. Secular monarchs reigned in the firm belief that they had a divine right to rule, and they often used their powers to enhance the dominance of the Christian Church, leading to the Crusades and the demonization of other faiths and other nation states. The reformation polarised Catholic and Protestant branches of Christianity so that in Europe, at least, religion became associated with conflict between factions within Europe. Ireland played a decisive role in the early stages of the Christian colonisation of Europe, and Irelandââ¬â¢s continual loyalty to Rome in the face of British rebellion is a reflection of political differences as much as it is a religious position. The relationship between Church and State remains close in Ireland, since there was no split between the monarch and Rome, and this explain s the influence that religions continues to have at the present time on Irish political and social affairs. In Victorian Britain and Imperial Germany the protestant work ethic was credited with producing the beginnings of the capitalist system, and Karl Marx theorized religion in this context as a logical an necessary part of this culture of trade and industry. In the analyses of Marx, Engels and Lenin, religion was a thriving force to be reckoned with, and they very much supported the underlying motivations that led people to put their faith in it: ââ¬Å"Religion is a many-faceted reflection of the real world, including deep-seated human needs for security, consolation, and beauty. They (Marx, Engels and Lenin) do not want to take away from people the solace, comfort of beauty that religion brings to their lives â⬠¦ religious beliefs are not merely illusory; they stand in the way of manââ¬â¢s mastering both nature and his social relations in the interests of a better and fu ller lifeâ⬠( Selsam and Martel, 1987, p. 225). A combination of these political ideas,
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